Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities
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Pertanika · Universiti Putra Malaysia Press

Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences & Humanities

Official journal of Universiti Putra Malaysia for scholarly work across the social sciences, humanities and related interdisciplinary fields.

e-ISSN 2231-8534 ISSN 0128-7702
Research article

Classical Malay Populism: The Case of Muhammad Sanusi

Shah Mohd Akmal Abdul Halim and Muhamad Takiyuddin Ismail

https://doi.org/10.47836/jssh.33.6.21
Keywords2023 states election, Malaysian politics, Muhammad Sanusi, Perikatan Nasional, Populism
Article content

Abstract

This article examines the populism of Muhammad Sanusi Md. Nor and its implications for Malaysia’s political dynamics during the 2023 state elections. It pursues three objectives: first, to situate populism as a political strategy in Southeast Asian and Malaysian contexts; second, to conceptualize the Malay populist, or what may be described as a “classical Malay populist,” through an analysis of Sanusi’s political behavior; and third, to evaluate the impact of his strategies on electoral outcomes in Kedah and Penang. The study adopts a qualitative case study design, combining field observations during the 2023 campaign period in Sik, Gurun, and Seberang Perai with one in-depth interview and supplementary informal conversations with voters and party members across multiple parties. These primary data were triangulated with secondary materials and analyzed through discourse analysis, focusing on rhetorical, symbolic, and performative elements. The findings indicate that Sanusi’s populism, expressed through his anak kampung (rural son) persona, anti-elitist rhetoric, and symbolic gestures amplified by digital platforms such as TikTok, reshaped political narratives and alliances, enabling PN to achieve a historic victory in Kedah while strengthening its presence in Penang’s Malay-majority districts.