PERTANIKA PROCEEDINGS

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• Aghamelu, F. C. (2013). The role of the mass media in the Nigerian electoral process. Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities, 14(2), 154-172. https://doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v14i2.8

• Agu, S. U., Okeke, V. O. S., & Idike, A. N. (2013). Voters’ apathy and revival of genuine political participation in Nigeria. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 4(3), 439-448. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2013.v4n3p439

• Akpoghiran, I. P. (2014). A simple guide to project research writing. Eke Graphics Publishers.

• Apuke, O. D., & Apollos, I. N. (2017). Public perception of the role of Facebook usage in political campaigns in Nigeria. International Journal of Community Development and Management Studies, 1, 85-102.

• Ardèvol-Abreu, A., Diehl, T., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2017). Antecedents of internal political efficacy incidental news exposure online and the mediating role of political discussion. Politics, 39(1), 82-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0263395717693251

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• Asiru, H. T., Ogutu, E. A., & Orwenjo, D. O. (2018). Events and actors representation in selected Nigerian daily newspapers. Ghana Journal of Linguistics, 7(1), 84-104. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjl.v7i1.4

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• Chiweshe, M. K. (2017). Social networks as anti-revolutionary forces: Facebook and political apathy among youth in urban Harare, Zimbabwe. Africa Development, 42(2), 129-147.

• Diemer, M. A., & Rapa, L. J. (2016). Unraveling the complexity of critical consciousness, political efficacy, and political action among marginalized adolescents. Child Development, 87(1), 221-238. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.12446

• Donaldson, E. A., Hoffman, A. C., Zandberg, I., & Blake, K. (2017). Media exposure and tobacco product addiction beliefs: Findings from the 2015 health information national trends survey (hints–fda 2015). Addictive Behaviours, 72, 106-113.

• Edogoh, L. O. N., Ezeh, N. C., & Samson, A. C. (2015). Evaluation of newspaper reading habits of youths in Anambra State, Nigeria. New Media and Mass Communication, 37, 63-71.

• Ejiofor, L. U. (2007). Politics and mobilisation: A handbook of practical political behaviour. Willy Rose & Appleseed Publishing.

• Erubami, A. J. (2020). Public perception of social media contributions to political participation processes in Delta State, Nigeria. Acta Universitatis Danubius. Communicatio, 14(1), 110-126.

• Gastil, J., & Xenos, M. (2010). Of attitudes and engagement: Clarifying the reciprocal relationship between civic attitudes and political participation. Journal of Communication, 60(2), 318-343.

• Gyimah-Brempong, M., & Kimenyi, K. (2013). Youth policy and the future of African development (Working Paper No. 9.). Brookings Institution. http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/reports/2013/04/youth%20policy%20african%20development%20kimenyi/04_youth_policy_african_development_kimenyi.pdf

• Ha, L., Wang, F., Fang, L., Yang, C., Hu, X., Yang, L., Yang, F., & Xu, Y. (2012). Political efficacy and the use of local and national news media among undecided voters in a swing state: A study of general population voters and first-timer college student voters. School of Media and Communication Faculty Publications, 4. https://doi.org/10.1177/1931243113515678

• Henson, R. (2002). From adolescent angst to adulthood: Substantive implication and measurement dilemmas in the development of teacher efficacy research. Educational Psychologist, 37(3), 137-150.

• Hooghe, M. (2002). Watching television and civic engagement: Disentangling the effects of time, programs, and stations. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 7(2), 84-104.

• Idike, A. N. (2014). Political parties, political apathy and democracy in Nigeria: Contending issues and the way forward. Arabian Journal of Business and Management Review, 4(3), 2-10.

• Ikpegbu, E., & Ihejirika, W. (2020). Newspaper coverage of issue-based political statements and campaigns in Nigeria’s election process (November 2018 – February 2019). Galactica Media: Journal of Media Studies, 2(2), 66-86. https://doi.org/10.46539/gmd.v2i1.77

• Independent National Electoral Commission & Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (2011).Voter apathy and the 2011 election in Nigeria: A research report. Muhamsaid Commercial Press.

• Johnson, T. J. & Kaye, B. K. (2003). A boost or bust for democracy? How the web influenced political attitudes and behaviours in the 1996 and 2000 presidential elections. Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 8(3), 9-34.

• Jung, N., Kim, Y., & Gil de Zúñiga, H. (2011). The mediating role of knowledge and efficacy in the effects of communication on political participation. Mass Communication & Society 14(4), 407-430. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.496135

• Karamat, A., & Farooq, A. (2016). Emerging role of social media in political activism: Perceptions and practices. Journal of South Asian Studies, 31(1), 381-396.

• Kenski, K., & Stroud, N. J. (2006). Connections between internet use and political efficacy, knowledge, and participation. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 50(2), 173-192. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15506878jobem5002_1

• Kushin, M. J., & Yamamoto, M. (2010). Did social media really matter? College students’ use of online media and political decision making in the 2008 Election. Mass Communication & Society, 13(5), 608-630. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2010.516863

• Lee, K. M. (2006). Effects of internet use on college students’ political efficacy. Cyber Psychology & Behavior, 9(4), 415-422. https://doi.org/10.1089/cpb.2006.9.415

• Levy, B. L. M. (2013). An empirical exploration of factors related to adolescents’ political efficacy. Educational Psychology, 33(3), 357-390. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2013.772774

• Lompo, M. L., & Bago, J.-L. (2018). How does exposure to mass media affect HIV testing and HIV-related knowledge among adolescents? Evidence from Uganda. Global Journal of Health Science, 10(9), 1-10.

• Loveless, M. (2010). Understanding media socialization in democratizing countries: Mobilization and malaise in Central and Eastern Europe. Comparative Politics, 42(4), 457-474.

• Madueke, O., Nwosu, C., Ogbonnaya, C. Anumadu, A., & Okeke, V. O. S. (2017). The role of social media in enhancing political participation in Nigeria. Journal of Arts and Management, 2(3), 44-54.

• Mengistu, M. M. (2017). The quest for youth inclusion in the African politics: Trends, challenges and prospects. Journal of Socialomics, 6(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.417212167-0358.1000189

• Moreno, R. R., Molina, M. C., & Moreno, R. M. (2013). Cognitive mobilization and political blogs. International Network of Business and Management, 1, 48-67. https://doi.org/10:10071540196-012-0009-9

• Morrell, M. E. (2003). Survey and experimental evidence for a reliable and valid measure of internal political efficacy. Public Opinion Quarterly, 67(4), 589-602.

• National Bureau of Statistics. (2018). Demographic statistics bulletin. http://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/download/775

• National Youth Policy. (2009). Second national youth policy document of the Federal Republic of Nigeria 2009.https://www.youthpolicy.org/national/Nigeria_2009_National_Youth_Policy.pdf

• Niemi, R. G., Craig, S. C., & Mattei, F. (1991). Measuring internal political efficacy in the 1988 National Election Study. The American Political Science Review, 85(4), 1407-1413.

• NOI Polls (2015, January 27). Nigerians claim that political campaigns are not addressing key issues in the country: Countdown to 2015 election poll series.https://noi-polls.com/nigerians-claim-that-political-campaigns-are-not-addressing-key-issues-in-the-country/

• Nworgu, B. G. (2006). Educational research: Basic issues and methods (3rd ed). University Trust Publishers.

• Oboh, G. E. (2016). Reflecting on the Nigerian media, elections, and the African democracy. Sage Open, 6(3), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244016666886

• Ojebuyi, B. R., & Chukwunwike, A. C. (2018). Gender bias in media representation of political actors: Examples from Nigeria’s 2015 presidential election. Legon Journal of the Humanities, 5(2), 251-260.

• Oji, M. & Erubami, A. J. (2020). Discourse on social media use and reading culture of Nigerian youths. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 9(6), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0115

• Omede, A. J., & Ojibara, I. I. (2017). Youth and political participation in Kwara state, Nigeria. Afro Asian Journal of Social Sciences, 8(3), 1-39.

• Pasek, J., Kenski, K., & Romer, D. (2006). America’s youth and community engagement: How use of mass media is related to civic activity and political awareness in 14- to 22-year-olds. Communication Research, 33(3), 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1177/0093650206287073

• Sadler, G. R., Lee, H. C., Lim, R.-S., & Fullerton, J. (2010). Research article: Recruitment of hard-to-reach population subgroups via adaptations of the snowball sampling strategy. Nursing & Health Sciences, 12(3), 369-374. http://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-2018.2010.00541.x

• Saka, L., (2010) Agent of destruction: Youth and the politics of violence in Kwara State, Nigeria.Journal of Sustainable Development in Africa, 12(8), 10 - 22.

• Scheufele, D.A., & Nisbet, M.C.(2003).Being a citizen online: New opportunities and dead ends.Harvard International Journal of Press / Politics, 7(3), 55 - 75.

• Segaard, S. B. (2015). Perceptions of social media: A joint arena for voters and politicians? Nordicom Review, 36(2), 65-78. https://doi.org/10.1515/nor-2015-0017

• Strömbäck, J., & Shehata, A. (2010). Media malaise or a virtuous circle? Exploring the causal relationships between news media exposure, political news attention and political interest. European Journal of Political Research, 49(5), 575-597.

• Syam, H. M., & Nurrahmi, F. (2020). “I don’t know if it is fake or real news” How little Indonesian University students understand social media literacy. Jurnal Komunikasi: Malaysian Journal of Communication, 36(2), 92-105. https://doi.org/10.17576/JKMJC-2020-3602-06

• Tan, K. (2012). Political apathy is harmful. The Oracle. http://gunnoracle.com/2012/11/07/political-apathy-is-harmful/

• Ufuophu-Biri, E., & Ojoboh, L. O. (2017). Social media as a tool for political resistance: Lessons from the Arab spring and the Nigerian protests. Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies, 6(1), 61-66. https://doi.org/10.5901/ajis.2017.v6n1p61

• United Nations Youth. (2013). Youth, political participation and decision-making. http://undesadspd.org/Youth.aspx

• Waqas, E. (2017). Analysing malaise and mobilization: The effects of media on political support and European identity in old and new member states. Politics in Central Europe, 13(2/3), 33-51.

• Wimmer, R. D., & Dominick, J. R. (2011). Mass media research: An introduction (9th ed.). Wadsworth.

• Yakubu, Y. A. (2012). Democracy and political apathy in Nigeria (1999-2011). European Scientific Journal, 8(20), 38-48.

• YIAGA Africa. (2019). Factsheet on youth and the 2019 elections in Nigeria. http://www.yiaga.org/factsheet-on-youth-and-the-2019-elections-in-Nigeria.pdf